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K #    UrbanjarWhitakerfiWerlekumsetlgum(kalksteini)1!4kmdUpiundirBeijingoghef    urveriWnUttsWanttundaratugsWustualdar.rsmeWalvinnslanYarhefurlengstafveriW    rmlega100l/saf40!90Cvatni(aWalleganUtt4kldustumnuWirsins).ViWbrgWjarW   hitakerfisinsviWYessarivinnsluoglkanreikningarmeWYjppuWulkani(sjvatnsborWsspr wO  mynd4)sUnaaWvinnslugetaUrbankerfisinstakmarkastaflitluinnstreymivatnskerfiW B  (endurnUjunvatnsforWans),enekkiorkuinnihaldi.Vinnslugetanstj;rnasteinfaldlegaaf    vatnsskorti.LkanreikningarnirsUnaaWsjlfbrvinnslugetakerfisinserltil,eWainnanviW   100l/srsmeWalvinnsla(ferY;eftirYvhvaWmennmunusttasigviWmikinnniWurdrtt {  vatnsborWseftir100!200r).MeWbreyttrivinnsluaWferW,semflisrniWurdlingust;rs nF hlutaYessvatnssemuppertekiW,vrisjlfbrvinnslugetanY;munmeiri,eWaa.m.k.200 9 l/srsmeWalvinnsla.XaWertvfldunYeirrarvinnslusemveriWhefurrkerfinu.  s1?/+b|1 uA ` @EuA uA   s >?>?>> >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >>>?>? Mynd3. SprumvatnsborWsbreytingar(YrUstingslkkun)jarWhitakerfinuHamriSvarf # aWardaltilrsins2170fyrirum30%aukningufrnverandimeWalvinnslu(GuWniAxelsson  $ o.fl.,2005). !W%   #' s3? /+b|0 Q `p @E Q  i s >?>?>> >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >>>?>?Mynd4. SprumvatnsborWsbreytingar(YrUstingslkkun)UrbanjarWhitakerfinuundir B  BeijingborgKnatilrsins2160fyrirvinnslutilfellimeWognniWurdlingar(GuWniAxels    sono.fl.,2005).     NesjavellirerueittjarWhitasvWannaHengilssvWinuoghefursvWiWveriWnUttsWan nF 1990,fyrsttilvarmaorkuvinnsluenseinnaeinnigtilraforkuvinnslu.0dagsvararafkastageta 9 orkuversinsNesjavllumtil120MWrafaflsog400MWvarmaafls.FyrirNesjavallakerfiW  hafabWiveriWsettuppfl;kiWkubbalkanogeinfaldaraYjappaWlkanogernverandi  kubbalkanhlutiafmjgst;ruogfl;knukubbalkani,semsetthefurveriWuppfyrirallt r Hengils/HellisheiWarsvWiWogngrenniYess.NiWurstWurreikningameWYessumlknum e= sUnaaWnverandivinnslaerekkisjlfbrskilningiskilgreiningarinnaraWframan,Y.e.ekki 0 verWurhgtaWhaldavinnslunni;breyttri100!300r.LkanreikningarnirsUnahinsvegar  aWhrifYeirrargenguvinnslusemnergangittuaWveraaWmestuafturkrf.  s7? /+b|1 (5 ` @EM5 5  s  Mynd5sUniraWYrUstingurkerfinumunjafnasigsvipuWumtmaoggengavinnslan i munstanda.Hitahrifin,semreyndarerumjgltilogmunverrkvrWuWenYrUstihrifin, \4 varahinsvegarmunlengurskv.lkanreikningunum.XvttiaWverahgtaWnUtaNesja ' vallasvWiWskv.vinnsluaWferW(3),semlUsterhraWframan(mynd2).   >?>?>> >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >>>?>? Mynd5. ReiknaWarbreytingarYrUstingioghitajarWhitakerfinuNesjavllumfyrirgenga '#- vinnslutil2036oghvldaWhennilokinni(GuWniAxelssono.fl.,2005). (z$. Ї  EinnigmhugsasraWnUtaNesjavallakerfiWskv.vinnsluaWferW(4),Y.e.meWmunminni ( vinnsluaWloknugengatmabilinu.NiWurstWurhermireikningaYaraWltandierubirtar  mynd6.XrsUnaaWlklegamegiviWhaldaum180!200kg/svinnslu150raWloknu  gengatmabilinu.XettaerY;aWeinsum1/3vinnslunnarNesjavllumdag. a  LokaorW.     0greininnihefurveriWfjallaWumhvernignUtamegijarWhitasjlfbranhtt,oghvernig  metamsjlfbraafkastagetujarWhitakerfa,efgengiWertfrskilgreininguYarsemsjlfbr   nUtingjarWhitanserskilgreindsemorkuvinnslasemhgteraWviWhalda100!300r.FrW  X erurkfyrirYvaWhgtsaWnUtajarWhitasjlfbranhttannaWhvortmeW(1)stWugri K #  vinnsluundirsjlfbrumrkunum,(2)Yrepauppbygginguvinnslunnar,(3)gengrivinnslu    oghlumvxlog(4)skertrivinnslueftirstyttratmabilgengrarvinnslu.NiWurstWur    lkanreikningafyrirYrj;lkjarWhitakerfisUnaaWsjlfbrvinnslugetajarWhitakerfagetur   bWitakmarkastaforkuinnihaldikerfiseWaYrUstingslkkunvegnatakmarkaWsaWstreymis. wO  0seinnatilfellinugeturniWurdling/niWurrennsliaukiWsjlfbruvinnslugetunaverulega.X B  sUnalkanreikningarfyrirhhitasvWiWNesjavllumaWhriftmabundinnaroggengrar    vinnslu,einsognstenduryfirYar,ttuaWveraafturkrfaWveruleguleyti.XvttiaWvera   hgtaWnUtajarWhitakerfieinsogNesjavllumannaWhvortgenganhttmeWhfilegum {  hlumeWameWminnkaWrivinnslueftirgengttmabil. nF s?? /+b|1k( ` @E( ( cY| s >?>?>> >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >?>?>?>? >>>?>? Mynd6. SprumYrUstingsbreytingar(birtsemvatnsborWsbreytingar)jarWhitakerfinu S+! Nesjavllumfyrir200ravinnslusgumeWvinnsluskv.vinnsluaWferW(4),Y.e.gengri " vinnslutil2036,enmunminnivinnslueftirYaW(GuWniAxelssono.fl.,2005). #   BendamaWskoWaYarfsjlfbraYr;unorkumlavWarasamhengienfyrireinstk !W% jarWhitasvWi;hWWrum.XmnotaaWferWirnar,semhrhafaveriWtilumfjllunar,tilYess J""& aWmetasjlfbravinnslugetuallraYekktrajarWhitasvWakveWnumlandshluta,eWajafnvel #' landinullu.HafaYarfeftirfarandihuga: #( ! ! 5(88-"i0J"  i0JK{ff2(  i  )3  Ԉ0    ViWlangtmavinnslumreiknameWtluverWumhrifummilliaWliggjandivinnslusvWa, $ ) jafnvelyfirtluverWarvegalengdir(jafnveltugikm).XauYarfaWtakameWreikninginn.i0JK{x{݌v%N!* Ќ  "i0J"  i0J }332(  ii  )3  Ԉ0    EfeinstkjarWhitakerfierunUttgenganhttumtmaYyrftuhelstaWveratiltknnur A&"+ kerfisamalandshluta,semnUtamttimeWanYaufyrrnefndueruhvld,efmiWaWerviW  '",  sjlfbravinnslujarWhitalandshlutanumsemheild.i0J }7}݌'#- Ќ  "i0J"  i0J#2(  iii  )3  Ԉ0    Efuppbygging_jarWhitavinnslu_Ԁ& a  kveWnumlandshlutaerafturm;tiskv._skrefa ( hugmyndinni_ԀverWurvntanlegaYrfYvaW_uppbyggingin_Ԁssamtmismrgum  svWum,vegnaYesshves'a(krefinerultil.i0J#P݌ Ќ    UmYessarmundirerunniWaW2.fanga_rammatlunar_ԀumnUtinguvatnsaflsog_jarW a varma_Ԁ(HkonAWalsteinsson,2006).XarverWurlagtmatumhverfishrif_formaWra_Ԁ_virkj T, ana_,arWsemifjrfestingarog_heildarhagnaW_Ԁafrekstri.0samanburWi_virkjunarhugmynda_ԀverW  ureinnighorfttilYesshvortframkvmdiner_afturkrf_,Y.e.aWhvemikluleytiunnteraW  fra_auWlind_Ԁognttruafturtilfyrra_horfs_ԀaWnUtingulokinni.XessirYttirkomunokkuW   viWsgu1.fanga_rammatlunarinnar_ԀenYskortiskilgreiningarogaWferWirsembeita  X mttislkumati. K #    AWlokumerlgWherslaYaWaWtluW_sjlfbr_Ԁvinnslugeta_jarWhitakerfis_,einsoghr    hefurveriWtilumfjllunar,ervntanlegatluvertmeiriennttrulegt_innstreymi_ԀviWkom    andikerfi.XaWervegnaYessaWmiWaWerviW100!300ra_tmakvarWa_ԀstaWhins_jarWfrWi   lega_ԀkvarWa,semermrgum_strWargrWum_Ԁlengri.EinnigmbendaYaWaW_niWurdl wO  ing_/niWurrennsligefurviWb;tviWnttrulega_innstreymiW_ԀogeykurYannig_sjlfbru_Ԁ_vinnslu B  getuna_.     Xakkir.  {    HitaveituDalvkur,_Orkuveitu_ԀReykjavkurog_Beijing_Ԁ_Institute_Ԁof_Geological_Ԁ_Engineering_ nF eruYkkuWleyfitilaWbirtaggninsemhrhafaveriWnotuW.XerBenediktSteingrmssyni 9 _0SOR_Ԁ_YakkaWur_Ԁyfirlesturgreinarinnar.   #=#MHeimildir.  r   GrmurBjrnsson,2005:OrWanotkun,aWferWafrWiogskilgreiningarviWgerWhugmyndaog_reiknilkana_Ԁaf J" _jarWhitakerfum_Ԁ_Hengli_.0slenskar_orkuranns;knir_,greinargerW_ISOR_Ԅ05203,16bls.  GuWmundur:._FriWleifsson_,_Wilfred_ԀA._Elders_,SverrirX;rhallssonogAlbertAlbertsson,2005:The_Iceland_  _deep_Ԁ_drilling_Ԁ_project_.A_search_Ԁfor_unconventional_Ԁ(_supercritical_)_geothermal_Ԁ_resources_._Proceedings_ Z2 _World_Ԁ_Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29.aprl,8bls.   GuWmundurPlmason,2005:_JarWhitab;k_Ԁ!eWliognUting_auWlindar_.HiWslenskab;kmenntaflag,Reykjavk,  298bls. jB GuWniAxelsson,2004:_NiWurdling_Ԁ_jarWhitakerfi_Ԁ!tilgangur,kostirog;kostir.ErindifluttmlYingi  _JarWhitaflags_Ԁ0slands10.n;vember,_JarWhitaflag_Ԁ0slands,rit10,5!12.  GuWniAxelsson,ValgarWurStefnssonogGrmurBjrnsson,2005:_Sustainable_Ԁ_utilization_Ԁof_geothermal_ zR  _resources_Ԁfor100!300_years_._Proceedings_Ԁ_World_Ԁ_Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29. *! aprl,8bls. " GuWniAxelsson,sgrmurGuWmundsson,BenediktSteingrmsson,GuWmundurPlmason,Halld;r b# rmannsson,Helga_Tulinius_,:lafurG._Fl;venz_,SveinbjrnBjrnssonogValgarWurStefnsson,2001a: :$ Um_sjlfbra_ԀvinnslujarWhita.Erindi_OrkuYingi_Ԁ11.!13.okt;ber,_Orkumenning_Ԁ0slandi:grunnurtil % _stefnum;tunar_,_Samorka_,Reykjavk,478!484.  r& GuWniAxelsson,sgrmurGuWmundsson,BenediktSteingrmsson,GuWmundurPlmason,Halld;r J!"' rmannsson,Helga_Tulinius_,:lafurG._Fl;venz_,SveinbjrnBjrnssonogValgarWurStefnsson,2001b: !( _Sustainable_Ԁ_production_Ԁof_geothermal_Ԁ_energy_:_suggested_Ԁ_definition_._IGANews_,_Quarterly_ԀNo.43, ") _January_!March,1!2. Z#2* Hkon&  AWalsteinsson,2006:_Rammtlun_ԀumnUtinguvatnsaflsog_jarWvarma_.Erindifyrir_Ork' $uYing_Ԁ12.!13.  $+ okt;ber. $ , O_Sullivan_,M._And_ԀW._Mannington_,2005:_Renewability_Ԁofthe_Wairakei_ԄTauhara_geothermal_Ԁ_resource_. j%B!- _Proceedings_Ԁ_World_Ԁ_Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29.aprl,8bls. &!. _Sanyal_,S._K._,2005:_Sustainability_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_renewability_Ԁof_geothermal_Ԁ_power_Ԁ_capacity_._Proceedings_Ԁ_World_ &"/  _Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29.aprl,13bls. z'R#0 _Ungemach_,_P._,M._Antics_Ԁ_and_ԀM._Papachristou_,2005:_Sustainable_Ԁ_geothermal_Ԁ_& `  reservoir_Ԁ_management_. ( _Proceeding'`(ѣs_Ԁ_World_Ԁ_Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29.aprl,12bls.  ValgarWurStefnssonogGuWniAxelsson,2005:_Sustainable_Ԁ_utilization_Ԁof_geothermal_Ԁ_resources_Ԁ_through_ ` _stepwise_Ԁ_development_._Proceedings_Ԁ_World_Ԁ_Geothermal_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ2005,_Antalya_,Tyrklandi,24.!29.aprl, 8 5bls.  _World_Ԁ_Commission_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_Environment_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_Development_,1987:_Our_Ԁ_Common_Ԁ_Future_._Oxford_Ԁ_University_Ԁ_Press_, p _Oxford_,400bls.#Mr#